ekpe society cameroon

Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. The papers include photographs, audio and video recordings, publications, correspondence and printed material primarily relating to Miller's study of the linguistic, musical and ritual influence of West African kp society (predominantly in Nigeria and Cameroon) on . Several accounts have been narrated on the migration of the Efik before their arrival at Old Calabar. The cloth is traditionally used as either a wrapper, worn by high- ranking members of Ekpe group who often . [37] A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. Also i want bomb and shell. [5] Collection of Eli Bentor. For the first time in history, Ekpe had a presentation at the highest institution of cultural anthropology in the world, the Smithsonian Museum. There are several theories regarding the origin of the Efik people. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". through the Illuminati Iwas able to become rich, and have many industry on myown and become famous and popular in my country , todayme and my family is living happily and I am the mosthappiest man here is the opportunity for you to join theIlluminati and become rich and famous in life and be likeother people and you life we be change totally.If you areinterested in joining the great brotherhood Illuminati.thencontact him +2348106618681 or for more information +1(705)8062021 email:illuminatibrotherpowerful@gmail.com or you need my assistance email:danjerry04@gmail.com Shame to the Manyu people and great men o Manyu, that you as enlightened as I know will willfully distort a tradition that back dates as long as 400 to 800hundred. To be a member, one must be a part of Yoruba nobility. [67] Communities within the Calabar metropolis such as Efut, Kiong and Qua also speak and understand the Efik language. Click to expose navigation links on mobile. The Efik Language and Its Future. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. I hope Queen Victoria and young prince will live long time and we get good friend. Due to the volume of cultural exchange, many other ethnic groups have often been regarded as being one with the Efik such as Kiong and Efut. Photo by Jordan Fenton. [69] The society is divided into five main grades such as Nkanda, Oku akama, Nyamkpe, Okpoho and Ebonko. Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. the exhibition explores the long- Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". Festival organised by Global Music Exchange (ht. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. Objects and images in the exhibition courtesy of Dr. Eli Bentor. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. 16, 2014 3 likes 6,498 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Spiritual Technology A short description of the ancient Ekpe Masquerade and its cultural and spiritual significance, in the life of the people of the Cross River basin. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. . [57] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. part of the Balondos or Orokos in Ndian in Southern Cameroon) and Idombi (ie present town, called Bamusso in Ndian-Southern . Our newsletter gives you access to a curated selection of the most important stories daily. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. Prior to Akak, the theory were proposed at the Hart's enquiry by Chief Offiong Abasi Ntiero Effiwatt and Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku.[25][26]. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the Benue -Congo subfamily of the Niger - Congo language group. Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Society features the ukara cloth, a composite signifier of authority, prestige, sacrality, difference, and social mobility in the Ekpe secret society in the Cross river basin encompassing southeastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon. [54] The name "Agbisherea" (also known as Egbosherry) appended in the names of the two kings listed by Barbot, was the name of the country, on the coast of which they traded from. [45] internal dissensions and population expansion led to the movement of several families from Creek Town to Obutong, Atakpa, Nsidung and Ekoretonko. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the initiation society called kp, or "leopard," which was the highest indigenous authority. nineteenth centuries, no large kingdoms controlled Nigeria and Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. While some explorers describe the Efik as travellers who past through the Ibibio country, others assert that the Efik are of Ibibio stock. Each grade has a chieftain or an Obong. What I want for dollar side is a fine coat and sword all same I tell you and the rest in copper rods. Another theory narrated by Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong asserts that Antia Ekot Otong founded Obutong. Hood Quarterly, spring 2015 This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. La communaut cubaine Abakudescendante des communauts fik Ekp et Ejagham gb du Sud Est du Nigria et du Sud Ouest du Camerouna t fonde la Havane dans les annes 1830 par des leaders capturs des villages de Cross River. Cameroon with the Ekpe cult. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. Another theory which is narrated by Forde and Jones states that the name "Efik" translates to "Tyrants" or "He who oppresses" and was the name of which the Efik called themselves after they had settled at Creek town.[12]. The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role. The masquerade tradition itself is most popular in Calabar and the Oron nation of Udung-Ukko, Mbo, Urue-Offong Oruko, Okobo, as well as the Eket and Uruan local government areas in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, and even western Cameroon. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. Unblock notifications in browser settings. Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . [61] These papers were signed by the reigning monarchs of Creek town and Duke town who were Eyo Honesty II and Eyamba V.[61] King Eyamba and King Eyo had written letters to the British requesting that they bring in teachers to teach them trade and commerce and missionaries to aid them to know more about God. [47] On the founding of Obutong, Colonial anthropologist M.D.W. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the . NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository Internal details about the membership and brotherhood demands of this ancient group is supposedly a top secret known only to the members. [11] Ibonda (an Efut clan) has sometimes been appended to Adiabo as one of the seven Efik clans. Children of Efik maternal descent are still regarded as Efik and have contributed to the development of the Efik society. Body art plays a major role in Ibibio art. [32] Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. The Efik (Calabar) caste structure of Ekpe . The Efik acted as the middlemen between the European vessels and the inland slave traders. One of Thompson's pupils, Ivor Miller, has now produced a noteworthy study, concentrating specifically on one particular secret society, Ekpe, of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon; its transfiguration on Cuban soil into the Abakua society; and the ensuing effect of Abakua in shaping all aspects of the . [52] The missionaries respected the native law but the European Captains acted rashly and desired that an example be set on Obutong. They migrated from Bateka and settled in their current location in flight. [9][38] The Adiabo group is believed to have left to their present location after the Mbiabo exodus. [80] Ivory bracelets (Efik: Mme) were worn by wealthy women. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). The Efik language also borrows words from other ethnic groups such as Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat and Ekoi (Qua). The Ekpe society most likely originated among the Efik people of southern Nigeria and from there spread across other tribes and language groups in Southern Nigeria. The Leopard Society was allegedly a cannibalistic society in the early-to-mid 2oth century in Sierra Leone, Libera and Cte dIvoire. Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the Nsibidi script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. [51] The Enwang people moved to the present site of Henshaw town.[51]. It was found in operation among a tribe down the coast towards Camaroons, but was improved and extended in its new field of operations.[60]. The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. The term igo has also been used for the organization's members. Nsibidi is a body of ideographic, abstract, and gestural signs deployed by the Ekpe society as a form of coded communication. Among these included Yams, Fufu and an unidentified type of black soup frequently mentioned in 19th century Old Calabar literature. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). [64] They insisted that Obutong be completely destroyed. [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. As a child, Sunjata at first looks unpromising because: In one of the most dramatic episodes in the Sunjata Epic, Sunjata first begins to demonstrate his extraordinary abilities when he: avenges an insult to his mother by uprooting a tree and placing it in front of her house. [26] Essien points out that Atakpor Uruan Inyang is one of the Efik deities and asserts that among the Uruan exists the saying "Ke Ndem Efik Iboku, Atakpor ke Ekuk", which can be interpreted to mean "Where there is the Efik deity, there is also Atakpor Uruan to share with it. [12] Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. [40] The Ekoi in Cameroon are found in the South Western region of the count. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the Efik strategy for filling the international demand for slaves was via obtaining slaves from inland slave traders such as Eniong, Ndokki and Arochukwu. [45] Eyo Ema's people occupied Otung in the south of Creek Town, Adim Atai and Ukpong Atai occupied the east and Efiom Ekpo's family occupied the Adakuko in the west. The indigenous drums of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are distinctive for their "wedge and ring" method of tightening the skin. Goldie describes Eburutu as a country that consists of various ethnic groups. The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. Iboku, Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. For instance any member wronged in an Ekpe district, that is one dominated by the society, has only to address an Ekpe-man or beat the Ekpe drum in the Ekpe-house, or blow Ekpe as it is called, i.e., sound the Ekpe horn, before the hut of the wrong-doer, and the whole machinery of the society is put in force to see justice done. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. The island is believed to be named after a fisherman from Mbiabo known as Ene Ankot. The story of The River Between by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, takes place in _________________ (name of present-day country) in the mid 1800's. These are: the oral historians, kings' advisors, poets, and musicians whose power is the ability to manipulate words. Ndibo Yevengo- Abakua & Ekpe events; Cuba-Calabar Radio . The Efik also manufacture a number of beverages such as Mmn Efik (Palm wine), Uffp (Native gin), Lemon grass tea (Nnyannyaa), Mmn Eyop (Eyop wine). The ekpe society has spawned a large number of Nsbd . (Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death). Historians and archaeologists have worked to piece together the human story from prehistory up to today. In modern-day Efik society, nyny is worn on various occasions such as weddings and traditional events. The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. It was worth every penny and made me feel like a kid again. [79] Ikpaya a royal type of gown also made from raffia. Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. [52] These atrocities angered the missionaries and European captains alike. Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. As the slave trade was declining due to the strong global campaign against it, the effects on slave trading ports along the African coast was greatly experienced. These drums are a regional phenomenon; they are not identified with any particular ethnic community, nor with any specific cultural group or initiation club. [33] Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people who started to punish her for her insubordination. The Neegee is a cannibalistic group that feeds on human flesh to satisfy their God, and to gain power from that God. [8] The bulk of the Efik can be found in Calabar. [34] When the Uruan woman realised that Abasi had broken her axe, she insisted that the axe should be repaired. In Amos Tutuola's The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator leaves his home and begins his adventure in the bush when: In the excerpt that we read from The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator and his wife encounter: In the Song of Lawino, by Okot p'Bitek, a woman speaks to: Lawino's husband's new wife is called _______________________(Either of two possible answers) in the text. It proved to be the source of supreme authority in all Efik towns, and its institutions provided, in the past, the highest court whose verdicts transcended all else. The remains will then be taken to Kepelle Village in Cameroon for burial after that. Worn as personal wrappers during initiations and at social events, ukara cloth distinguishes Ekpe members. expectations of the members to prioritize the group over their own families. authority as head of the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society. [19] Oku attests that it was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. At Old Calabar, traders had slowly started transitioning completely into the lucrative palm oil trade. [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". kp had four major roles in pre-colonial life. [51] Nsutana was a dreaded island where twins were abandoned to die. Barbot documents that between 1698 and 1699, payments for provisions were made at Calabar to the following chiefs; Duke Aphrom, King Robin, Mettinon, King Ebrero, King John, King Oyo, William King Agbisherea, Robin King Agbisherea, and Old King Robin. [40] The outcome of the fall of the tree led to several deaths in their clan. [68] The society is believed to have been introduced in Calabar from Usahadet. of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). [22] This is further proven by Talbot who proves that other ethnicities appended the name "Eburutu" or "Oburutu" to their ethnic names. quickly adapted to fulfil other economic and civil functions. [78] Raffia palm clothing (Efik: f Ndam) could also be exported from other communities especially when a community made the best raffia clothing. According to E.U. There are said to be at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. Due to the peregrinations of Efik traders across the lower Cross River region, The Efik language was regarded as the language of commerce in the Cross river region. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago [4]. Prior to 1905, Old Calabar was a term used to describe the Efik settlements of Duke Town, Creek Town, Old town, Cobham town, Henshaw town, Adiabo and Mbiabo (consisting of Mbiabo edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong and Mbiabo Ikoneto). [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. Iwewe is a type of boiled yam mashed with a small amount of palm oil and stirred with a spoon. She said as a member of the Ekpe Society of the Efiks, she participates in the Ekpe activities. [42] K.K. [44][52] Aye uses Adiaha Etim Anwa's ballad as one of the basis for his hypothesis. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. One theory states that the Efik and Uruan had separate religious customs and the Efik refused to worship the Uruan deity Atakpor Uruan Inyang. Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. LEFT Omabe Eze sewing an ukara, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. [59] According to Rev. [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. One-word searches work best.Use AND to require multiple terms: LEFT Small ukara with minute patterned design and Omu Aro symbol. The Efik in Nigeria have Nkanda as the basic Ekpe whereas, in Cameroon we have Ekpe as the starting point in Ekpe. [47], By the seventeenth century, more Efik settlements had been founded. Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. Ukara are made exclusively for members of the Ekpe society, an interethnic men's association found throughout southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. When the threads are cut, the nsibidi designs stand out, white against a deep blue background. The Efik people occupy the basins of the Lower Cross River, down to southwestern Cameroon including Bakassi, the Calabar River and down to its streams - the Kwa River, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) and the Eniong Creek. He views the Cuban initiation system known as Abaku, which was based on kp society, as a collective way for African descendants to maintain their historical memory. Among these secret societies were Ekpe, Obon and Nsibidi. kp lodges ruled local communities while also managing regional and long-distance trade. [36] The Oroko (also Bareka/Batekka) are an ethnic group in Cameroon.They belong to the coastal Bantu group, widely known as Sawa, and primarily occupy the Ndian and Meme divisions of the Southwest Region of Cameroon.The people predominantly speak Oroko, English, and Cameroon Pidgin English.The Oroko are related to several ethnic groups (or tribes) in Cameroon's coastal areas, with whom they share . Names such as Okon became Hogan, Orok became Duke, Akabom became Cobham, Ene became Henry, Asibong became Archibong. The paper critically examined the Ekpe society in its indigenous form and nature prior the advent of Christianity, Western education and Western influence. [49] Prior to the arrival of the Efiom Ekpo group, oral tradition has it that when some Efik migrated to Creek town from Ndodoghi, The Enwang did not join them but migrated to the present site of Duke town. Each ukara is highly individualized and clearly produced to be worn by a specific Ekpe member or to mark a specific Ekpe lodge. [37] When many of the Efik had left for Ndodoghi, a series of unfortunate events occurred. Living in what is now Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. During weddings, the bride wears at least two different nyny. The designs are part of a dynamic language known as nsibidi, which uses image and gestural performance to communicate knowledge guarded by society members. [38] The Efik bard Adiaha Etim Anua recites in her 1910 ballad that "Mkpana Ndodoghi Edik. The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. [32] Another theory states that there was a disagreement between an Efik woman known as Abasi and an Uruan woman. One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants. One theory propounded by Okon and Nkpanam Ekereke asserts that the term "Efuk" was a word of defiance and an expression used by the Ibibio man when in a fit of rage. It is also found among a number of other ethnic groups, including the Bahumono of the Cross River State, the Ibibio, the Uruan and the Oron of Akwa Ibom State, Arochukwu and some other parts of Abia State, as well as in the diaspora, such as in Cuba and Brazil. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. This material is believed to have been imported by the Portuguese (Oboriki). In the culture we have discussed, the term fadenya refers to: the relationship between father and child, and half siblings - requiring self-assertion, independence, innovation, and competition. According to Parker, When there, Dick Ebro' asking him to go to war with him, he complied, and accordingly having sitted out and armed the canoes, they went up the river, lying under the bushes in the day when they came near a village; and at night flying up to the village, and taking hold of every one they could see. Cameroon-Nigeria Relations, 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions Between Two Nigerian Neighbouring States.

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